语序和五种基本句式
基本概念
主语Subject：主体
谓语Verb：主体执行的动作
表语：描述主语的性质特点、位置的词
系动词：联系作用的动词，连接前面的主语和后面的表语
宾语Object：动作支配的对象
- 直接宾语紧跟在及物动词后面，表示动作的直接承受者或者结果。通常指物
- 间接宾语用来表示动作的接收者或受益者，通常出现在直接宾语之前。通常指人
宾语补足语：补充说明；当宾语不能完全说明谓语执行对象
基本句式
1. 主语S + 谓语V
The universe remains 宇宙长存
2. 主语 + 系动词L.V + 表语P
The food is delicious 这个食物很好吃
3. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
He took his bag and left 他拿着书包离开了
4. 主语 + 谓语 + I.O间接宾语 + D.O
Her father bought her a dictionary 他爸爸给她买了一本词典
5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补
We made him our monitor 我们选他当班长
除此之外还有：倒装句、副词、提前句、复杂长句等学习
be动词形式用法
八种be动词
be、being、been、is、am、are、was、were
- 一般现在时时态：is、am、are
- 过去时时态：was、were
- be的现在与过去分词：being、been
eg.
- The man is back
- The are back
- He was back
- They were back
- THey have been back 他们已经回来了（现在完成时时态）
用法
后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作为补足词
eg.
- The man is a teacher
- Mary’s new dresses are colorful
- My mother was in the kitchen
be动词的否定/提问/回答
| 一般形式 | 缩略形 |
| am not | am not |
| is not | isn’t |
| are not | aren’t |
| was not | wasn’t |
| were not | weren’t |
①eg.
- The man isn’t back
- I am not back
- They aren’t back
- He wasn’t back
- They weren’t back
②eg.
- Is he a teacher? – Yes,he is / No,he isn’t
- Are you a teacher? – Yes,I am / No,I am not
- Were they tachers? – Yes,they were / No,they weren’t
代词
代词就是代替人或事物的名词，通常有主格、宾格区分
主格：人称代词，在句子中充当主语的成分，放在动词前；
宾格：人称代词，在句子中充当宾语的成分，放在动词后。
主格代词
I、he、she、it、you、we、they
eg.
- I am a teacher
- He is a teacher
- You are teachers
宾格代词
me、him、her、it、you、us、them
eg.
- He likes me
- We like her
- I like them
物主代词
物主代词：物的主人所用的代替名词
形容性
形容性物主代词：修饰名词成分
- 单数形式：my、your、his/her/its、one’s
- 复数形式：our、your、their
eg.
- This is my book
- We love our motherland
- Those are your socks
名词性
名词性物主代词：独立作为名词成分
- 单数形式：mine、yours、his/hers/its、one’s
- 复数形式：ours、yours、theirs
eg.
- The book is ours
- The apple is hers
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 |
| I | me | my | mine |
| He | him | his | his |
| She | her | her | hers |
| It | it | its | its |
| You | you | your | yours |
| We | us | our | ours |
| They | them | their | theirs |
反身代词
- myself、yourself、herself、himself、itself
- yourselves、ourselves、themselves
eg.
- Please help yourself to some fish
- We enjoyed ourselves last night
- They thing inself is not important
指示代词
指示代词：标识人或事物的代词，用来代替前面已经提到过的名词
this(these)这个/这些、that(those) 那个/那些
eg.
- This is his book
不定代词
不定代词：指代不确定的人或事物
one、the other、some、any、something、nothing
eg.
- No one knows where he is.
实意动词
特征
come、read、go、watch、play、fly
eg.
- He comes from Shenyang
- She is reading story books
- They went to America yesterday
- We have watched the game for three times
实意动词的否定/提问/回答
| 一般形式 | 缩略形式 |
| do not | don’t |
| does not | doesn’t |
| did not | didn’t |
①eg.
- I don’t go to school by bus
- She doesn’t watch TV everyday
- They didn’t swim last night
②eg.
- Does he often play golf? – Yes,he does / NO,he doesn’t
- Do they go to school by bus? – Yes,they do / No,they don’t
- Did Sam have breakfast yesterday? – Yes,he did / No,he didn’t
使用疑问词进行提问回答
1. When、Where、Who、What、How
eg. He bought three books yesterday.
- Who bought three books yesterday?
- What did he buy yesterday?
- When did he buy three books?
2. How long、How far、How often、Why
eg. They have been in China for three years.
- How long have they been in China?
eg. It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an
- How far it is from Beijing to XI’an?
eg. They come to visit me once a week.
- How often do they come to visit you?
eg. She came late, because she missed the bus.
- Why did she come late?
名词
可数名词countable noun：数的过来的概念；有单复数之分
不可数名词uncountable noun：无法计数的抽象概念；无复数形式
名词变复数规则
| 一般末尾加上s | friend ->friends |
| s、z、x、ch、sh结尾，末尾加es | bus -> buses |
| 辅音字母+y结尾，y变i+es | candy -> candies |
| o结尾，如果不是外来词或缩写就加es | tomato -> tomatoes |
量词
①可数名词前
- 元音（a、i、u、e、o）开头 + an [an apple]
- 辅音（除去元音的其他字母）开头 + a
- 加其他量词 [a box of apples]
②不可数名词不加 a/an，可加量词 [a cap of coffee]
形容词
1. 形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等
通常用在名词前，be动词之后
eg.
- The beautiful girl.
- The girl is beautiful.
2. The + 形容词 = 复数名词，表示一类，后面的动词使用复数
eg.
- The old need more care than The young.
副词
副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及其他结构
eg.
- He runs fast.
- She is very beautiful.
副词位置
1. 助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后
2.形容词之前，其他副词之前或之后
3.多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词之后
eg.
- He speaks very fast.
- They have already left.
- They have already been repaired.
不定量表达法
不定量表达法就是不确定数量的表达法
some、any、most、every、all
1. some、any都表示“一些”，some主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答，也可以用在疑问句中，any主要用于否定和疑问句中
- I’d been expecting some letters the whole moring,but there weren’t any for me.
- 我整个上午都在等一些信，但没有任何给我的
2. most作形容词时表示大部分的，后面接复数名词
- Most people here are from China.
3. every表示“每一个，所有”后面接单数名词
- Every one likes the film.
4. all表示”所有”，后面接可数名词复数，不可数名词单数。
- All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
- All the coffee is served on time.
both、either、neither
both表示两者都，可作形容词，代词和副词， either是两者之一， neither是两者都不。
- Both his eyes were severely burned
- There are trees on either side of the street.
- Neither answer is correct
many、mach、a lot of、plenty of
many 修饰可数名词，表示”许多”,much修饰不可数名词，表示”许多”。
a lot of[lots of], plenty of均可修饰可数和不可数名词
- many books、much water
- a lot of/lots of books/water
a few、few
a few：为肯定含义”几个”
few：为否定含义”没几个”，以上两个词均和可数名词连用。
- A few books are put into the box
- Few books are put into the box